Panel de expertos para la elaboración de un modelo de consentimiento informado de obtención y uso de material audiovisual clínico / Proposal of an informed consent form to obtain audiovisual material from patients

BACKGROUND: An informed consent is mandatory to obtain any clinical audiovisual material from patients. Although there are some documents created for this purpose, there are some barriers for their application, such as the context in which they were created, the language and download availability. AIM: To create a proposal for an informed consent form (ICF) for the capture and different uses for audiovisual material from patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A bibliographic search was carried out to obtain different ICFs in Spanish and English, which were subjected to a process of translation, counter-translation and fragmentation. Subsequently, a panel of experts was formed by members of the Chilean Society of Plastic Surgery with extensive experience in social networks. Delphi methodology was applied to reach a consensus about the definitive content of the ICF based on the previously selected fragments. RESULTS: ICFs available for download were identified. The panel was made up of seven Plastic Surgeons and two Delphi rounds were carried out through electronic surveys. At the end of the process, an ICF proposal was obtained for therapeutic, academic or scientific purposes and another for dissemination or education in the mass media. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed ICFs were liberated for their use among health care professionals in Chile, who could use them, provided that they are approved by the local healthcare ethics committees.

Formación especializada de residentes en Cirugía Plástica, Reconstructiva y Estética en los países de la Federación Ibero Latinoamericana de Cirugía Plástica (FILACP): consenso de tutores 2022 / Resident training in Ibero Latin American Federation of Plastic Surgery (FILACP) countries: consensus from training directors in 2022

Introducción y objetivo: La formación y la docencia son dos objetivos fundamentales de la Federación Ibero Latinoamericana de Cirugía Plástica (FILACP), entidad compuesta por las Sociedades Nacionales de Cirugía Plástica de 22 países de Ibero Latinoamérica. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue poner en común y discutir la situación de la formación especializada en Cirugía Plástica en los diferentes países miembros de la FILACP, en una reunión en la que estuvieron presentes tutores acreditados por cada una de la Sociedades Nacionales de Cirugía Plástica que componen la Federación. Material y método: Se realizaron encuestas y entrevistas personales a tutores y representantes de las sociedades nacionales miembros de la FILACP, en las que se recabó información sobre oferta docente anual y servicios acreditados, proceso de admisión, duración del periodo formativo, financiación de la formación, periodos lectivos anuales, métodos de supervisión y métodos de evaluación. Los resultados obtenidos se contrastaron y pusieron en común durante el Encuentro Internacional de Tutores de la FILACP celebrado en abril de 2022 en San José, Costa Rica. Resultados: En los paises de la Federación se formó en 2021 a un total de 539 residentes en 245 servicios docentes acreditados, siendo aproximadamente la oferta media de 1 residente por cada 700.000 habitantes. El examen fue la principal vía de acceso a la especialidad, cuya duración osciló entre 3 y 5 años, siendo 3 años lo más frecuente. Los periodos lectivos anuales estuvieron en rangos entre 1920 y 4150 horas, siendo la cifra más frecuente en torno a 2500 horas al año. La supervisión por plantilla y el jefe de residentes fueron figuras establecidas en muchos centros, y el examen fue el método de evaluación más extendido. (AU)

Background and objective: Training and teaching are two fundamental objectives of the Ibero-Latin American Federation of Plastic Surgery (FILACP), an entity composed of the National Societies of Plastic Surgery of 22 Ibero-Latin American countries. The aim of our work was to share and discuss the situation of specialized training in Plastic Surgery in the different member countries of FILACP, in a meeting where tutors accredited from all the Plastic Surgery National Societies of the Federation were present. Methods: Surveys and personal interviews were carried out with tutors and representatives of the national societies members of FILACP, in which information was collected on the annual teaching offer and accredited services, admission process, duration of the training period, financing of the training, annual teaching periods, supervision methods and evaluation methods. The results obtained were contrasted and shared during the FILACP International Meeting of Tutors held in April 2022 in San José, Costa Rica. Results: In the Federation countries, a total of 539 residents were formed in 2021 in 245 accredited teaching services, the average supply being approximately 1 resident per 700.000 inhabitants. The examination was the main access route to the specialty, the duration of which ranged from 3 to 5 years, with 3 years being the most frequent. Annual teaching periods ranged from 1920 to 4150 hours, the most frequent figure being around 2500 hours per year. Supervision by staff and chief resident were established figures in many centers, and examination was the most widespread method of evaluation. (AU)

[Proposal of an informed consent form to obtain audiovisual material from patients]. / Panel de expertos para la elaboración de un modelo de consentimiento informado de obtención y uso de material audiovisual clínico.

BACKGROUND: An informed consent is mandatory to obtain any clinical audiovisual material from patients. Although there are some documents created for this purpose, there are some barriers for their application, such as the context in which they were created, the language and download availability. AIM: To create a proposal for an informed consent form (ICF) for the capture and different uses for audiovisual material from patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A bibliographic search was carried out to obtain different ICFs in Spanish and English, which were subjected to a process of translation, counter-translation and fragmentation. Subsequently, a panel of experts was formed by members of the Chilean Society of Plastic Surgery with extensive experience in social networks. Delphi methodology was applied to reach a consensus about the definitive content of the ICF based on the previously selected fragments. RESULTS: ICFs available for download were identified. The panel was made up of seven Plastic Surgeons and two Delphi rounds were carried out through electronic surveys. At the end of the process, an ICF proposal was obtained for therapeutic, academic or scientific purposes and another for dissemination or education in the mass media. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed ICFs were liberated for their use among health care professionals in Chile, who could use them, provided that they are approved by the local healthcare ethics committees.

MicrosimUC: Validation of a Low-Cost, Portable, Do-It-Yourself Microsurgery Training Kit.

BACKGROUND: Microsurgery depends largely on simulated training to acquire skills. Courses offered worldwide are usually short and intensive and depend on a physical laboratory. Our objective was to develop and validate a portable, low-cost microsurgery training kit. METHODS: We modified a miniature microscope. Twenty general surgery residents were selected and divided into two groups: (1) home-based training with the portable microscope (MicrosimUC, n = 10) and (2) the traditional validated microsurgery course at our laboratory (MicroLab, n = 10). Before the intervention, they were assessed making an end-to-end anastomosis in a chicken wing artery. Then, each member of the MicrosimUC group took a portable kit for remote skill training and completed an eight-session curriculum. The laboratory group was trained at the laboratory. After completion of training, they were all reassessed. Pre- and posttraining procedures were recorded and rated by two blind experts using time, basic, and specific scales. Wilcoxon's and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare scores. The model was tested by experts (n = 10) and a survey was applied to evaluate face and content validity. RESULTS: MicrosimUC residents significantly improved their median performance scores after completion of training (p < 0.05), with no significant differences compared with the MicroLab group. The model was rated very useful for acquiring skills with 100% of experts considering it for training. Each kit had a cost of U.S. $92, excluding shipping expenses. CONCLUSION: We developed a low-cost, portable microsurgical training kit and curriculum with significant acquisition of skills in a group of residents, comparable to a formal microsurgery course.

Evaluation of Research Opportunities and Limitations for Plastic Surgery Residents: An International Survey.

BACKGROUND: Conducting research during specialty training provides an opportunity to develop critical thinking and leadership skills along with a better understanding of the scientific literature. However, trainees often find it difficult to undertake research, in the context of labor-intensive surgical training. The aim of this study is to evaluate the research output and limitations of plastic surgery residents in different countries. METHODS: An international cross-sectional study involving plastic surgery trainees and recent postgraduates from Brazil, Chile, Germany, and the United Kingdom was conducted. A survey inquiring into academic productivity, limitations to conducting research, and working-hours patterns was distributed among eligible participants. RESULTS: From September to December 2019, 106 surveys were retrieved. Most respondents declared having participated in at least 1 project that resulted in a presentation or publication during their training (90.6% in national presentations, 68% international presentations, 67% in national publications, and 66% international publications). Having completed a previous research fellowship was associated with a statistically higher academic output (P < 0.05). Seventy-nine percent of respondents felt that their participation in research activities would have been greater if limiting factors had been addressed, including lack of time (72.5%) and insufficient supervision and mentoring (55%). CONCLUSIONS: Optimizing plastic surgery trainees' participation in scientific research is beneficial both for residents and their mentors. Research fellowships can provide an opportunity for academically oriented trainees to further develop their research skills. Protected time and adequate mentoring can help not only to increase residents' research output, but also to recruit the next generation of academic plastic surgeons.

Mind the Gap: a Competency-Based Scoping Review of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Reported Simulation Training Models.

BACKGROUND: Simulation training has become an integral part of plastic surgery postgraduate curricula. It facilitates the acquisition of skills in a safe environment that can be later transferred to real-life settings. A variety of models have been described covering some aspects of the specialty better than others. The aim of this study was to identify and classify all the previously reported plastic surgery simulation models and the possible gaps having the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) list of competencies as a guide. METHODS: Through a Delphi process, the complete list of ACGME minimum requirements for certification was analyzed to identify domains amenable for simulation training. A systematic search was conducted in Pubmed looking for all previously reported simulation models in plastic surgery. Predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria and parallel blind review were used to identify eligible models. RESULTS: A total of 81 ACGME competencies were identified. Following a 3-round Delphi process, consensus was reached on 19 reconstructive and 15 aesthetic surgery domains suitable for simulation training. 1667 articles were initially retrieved from Pubmed, of which 66 articles were eligible for inclusion. Descriptive (65%), quasi-experimental (24%) and experimental studies (11%) were found. For the 34 identified ACGME competencies, there were simulation models described for 58.8% of these, mostly covering reconstructive surgery (84.2%) while for aesthetic surgery it was 13.3%. CONCLUSIONS: This scoping review has identified that there are still gaps in ACGME competencies that could benefit from new simulation training models, especially in those related to aesthetic surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Avoiding a Second Wave of Medical Errors: The Importance of Human Factors in the Context of a Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on the delivery of healthcare services around the globe. This has resulted in important loss of life for our communities, including health professionals that have been exposed to the disease in their workplace. A human factors approach to the recent changes introduced due to the pandemic can help identify how we can minimize the impact of human error in these circumstances. We hereby present a case study illustrating the application of human factors in the difficult times we are going through at present.Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

A Novel Ex Vivo Training Model for Acquiring Supermicrosurgical Skills Using a Chicken Leg.

Background Supermicrosurgery is a technique used for dissection and anastomosis of submillimeter diameter vessels. This technique requires precise hand movements and superb eye-hand coordination, making continuous training necessary. Biological in vivo and ex vivo models have been described for this purpose, the latter being more accessible and cost-effective. The aim of this study is to present a new ex vivo training model using a chicken leg. Methods In 28 chicken legs, an anatomical study was performed. An intramuscular perforator vessel was identified and dissected. Arterial diameters of 0.7, 0.5, and 0.3 mm were identified and consistency of the perforator was assessed. In additional 10 chicken legs, 25 submillimeter arteries were anastomosed using this perforator vessel. Five arteries of 0.3 and 10 of 0.5 mm were anastomosed with nylon 11-0 and 12-0 sutures. Intravascular stent (IVaS) technique and open guide (OG) technique were used in 0.5-mm arteries. A total of 10 arteries of 0.7 mm were anastomosed using 10-0 sutures in a conventional fashion. Dissection and anastomosis time were recorded and patency was tested. Results We were able to identify 0.7 to 0.3 mm diameter arteries in all the specimens and confirm the consistency of the perforator. The median time for dissection was 13.4 minutes. The median time for anastomosis was 32.3 minutes for 0.3-mm arteries, 24.3 minutes for 0.5-mm arteries using IVaS, 29.5 minutes for the OG technique, and 20.9 minutes for the 0.7 mm diameter arteries. All the anastomoses were permeable. Conclusion Due to its consistent and adequate diameter vessels, this model is adequate for training supermicrosurgical skills.

Functional results of burned hands treated with Integra®.

INTRODUCTION: Dermal substitutes, such as Integra(®) introduced as a new alternative to our surgical arsenal and its use in burn treatment, in both acute and chronic phases, have gained great importance. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the experiment is to describe the results of the functional evaluation of patients with burned hands treated with Integra(®) in both acute and chronic phases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review of a transversal cohort. Patient characteristics evaluated were sociodemographic characteristics, burn mechanism, burn extension and depth, treatments received previous to Integra(®) and complications related to its use. Clinical and photographic evaluations were performed evaluating skin elasticity, range of articular movement, prehensile strength, pain and functional evaluation using the validated 400 Point Evaluation Test. RESULTS: A total of 17 burned hands in 14 right-handed patients, were treated with Integra(®), three being bilateral hand burns. Eleven were treated in the acute phase and in nine in the scar reconstruction phase. Range of articular motion was complete in 15 of 17 hands. In 88% of the hands, flexible skin coverage was achieved. No statistically significant difference was observed in prehension strength of the burned hand versus the contralateral non-burned hand. Sixteen hands had a painless evolution. The 400 Point Evaluation score was 92.8 ± 6.3% (80 - 100%). Nearly four-fifths (79%) of the patients returned to normal active working activities.

In a diagnostic test study the validity of three serodiagnostic test was compared in patients with liver echinococcosis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of immunoprecipitation (DD5), enzyme immunoanalysis (ELISA-IgG), and immunoelectrotransference or Western blot (WB) in patients with liver echinococcosis (LE) used separately, in parallel and in series. METHODS: Diagnostic test study. DD5, ELISA-IgG, and WB were applied in 75 patients with LE and 75 with cholelithiasis. Surgery was considered a reference standard. The sample size was calculated assuming a 99% confidence interval (99% CI), expected sensitivity (S) of 90% and a worst result of 80%; expected specificity (SP) of 95% and a worst result of 85%. S, SP, and predictive values (PPV and NPV) were calculated. RESULTS: The best S was verified with ELISA-IgG and WB (82.7%) and the best SP with DD5 (94.7%). DD5 presented a better PPV (92.9%) and WB a better NPV (83.5%). When applying the tests in parallel, the best S was obtained from the combination of DD5 and WB (82.7%); and the best SP, PPV and NPV with ELISA-IgG and WB (88.0%, 87.3%, and 83.5%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: DD5 appears as the most specific test and as having greater PPV; ELISA-IgG and WB are more sensitive. The combined use of these tests does not improve diagnosis validity.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: its effect on the prognosis of patients with gallbladder cancer.

Numerous reports suggest more recurrences and a worse prognosis after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) than after open cholecystectomy (OC). The objective of this study was to compare the survival rate of patients undergoing a laparoscopic procedure versus those undergoing an open operation. A series of 24 patients with gallbladder cancer detected after LC were compared with 40 consecutive patients with gallbladder cancer detected after OC. Patients were matched by wall invasion, age, and whether they underwent a reoperation or only cholecystectomy. The series included 2 patients with in situ tumors, 2 with mucosal tumors, 1 with muscular invasion, 13 with subserosal invasion, and 6 with serosal invasion. Recurrences were observed in 4 of the 10 patients with subserosal compromise who underwent reoperation. In contrast, in the OC group of 26 patients with subserosal invasion, 20 of whom were reoperated, only 2 had a recurrence. Of the six patients with serosal infiltration, three in the LC underwent reoperation, all of whom had recurrences that precluded resection. Of the 12 patients in the OC group who presented with serosal invasion, 6 were reoperated and 4 had a recurrence. Overall survival curves did not show differences when patients were compared according to the type of procedure performed. Similarly, the analysis of patients according to the level of wall invasion indicated that there was no significant difference in survival. Although multiple reports have shown a worse prognosis for patients with gallbladder cancer undergoing LC, this study did not show a significant survival difference between the two methods. Although there is a higher but insignificant recurrence rate among the patients who underwent LC, this is not translated into survival.

Plan estratégico del servicio de atención diferenciada año 2001 / Strategic plan of the differentiated attention service year 2001

Presenta plan estrategico sobre el servicio de atención diferenciada (S.A.D)del Hospital Doctor Roberto Calderón Guitiérrez de la Ciudad de Managua. Pretende fortalecer la atención de la población que solicita los servicios de atención diferenciada. Este servicio atenderá a la población con posibilidades de pago de los servicios según demanda de calidad, eficacia, eficiencia y calidez. Detalla los servicios de atención diferenciada que brindaran; los problemas priorizados del servicio de atención diferenciada. Muestra algunas estrategias y metas de los problemas priorizados, asi como las acciones específicas para resolver los diferentes problemas. Al final aborda las Fortalezas, Debilidades, Oportundiades y Amenazas del servicio de atención diferenciada